There was when I was growing up. My aunt would get a membership when I would visit in the summer and every day was a trip to the pool and a round of putt putt.
Now, I would take the kids to the nice looking one down toward Austin.
The only putt putt I know of in Temple is at Caddy Shack driving range on Kegley. (near the interstate and Midway) I think it is about $2 to play. Don't know if it is any good or not.