joerobert_pete06 said:
Serious question:
If the scientist have been working on mRNA vaccines for a long time now, why now were they able to supply the vaccine? Why not do this on influenza years ago?
A couple of issues.
COVID is a single virus so easy to target (one genetic sequence with some variation). Influenza is an entire family of viruses, we target a few each year as they guess which one might be a problem.
mRNA vaccines are a new technology. Not in the sense that we didn't have it before 2020, but that it has only been in clinical development for 10-20 years. (It takes ~15 years to get a new drug approved) COVID compressed the testing time frame for a variety of reasons. 1) FDA review of clinical trial data at each stage was fast tracked. COVID stuff moved to the front of the line, rather than waiting in a queue behind a bunch of other stuff 2) Money. Normally, you would complete phase 1 and get approval by FDA before you started investing in phase 2. With all the government money that was thrown around, companies were planning and preparing for phase 2 and 3 as soon as phase 1 looked like it might be successful.
Finally, let's try the new vaccine technology on a virus we have a vaccine for is a recipe for failure. If you take on a new virus where we don't have a vaccine, the bar for approval is lower. Does it work? Benefits outweigh the side effects? If you want to get approval when there is something already available it becomes does it work better than what is there.
The reality is Moderna had several mRNA vaccines in clinical trials before COVID for diseases we don't have vaccines for. Furthest along was their cytomegalovirus vaccine. It causes birth defects. We don't have a vaccine or any other prevention, so it is an easy target to go after. However, there isn't a huge pile of money to fund preparing for phase 3 while waiting for phase 1 results. So the process is phase 1, review results, wait on the FDA, design phase 2, wait for FDA approval, prepare vaccine & enroll subjects, phase 2.... plus if you are looking at pregnancy outcomes, you kinda have to wait 9 months or so rather than the 3 months for COVID trials. Plus a lot easier to find test subjects for COVID trial compared to limiting it to only women who are pregnant or looking to become pregnant.