Good day from Houston Methodist. After contracting the Covid-19 virus, it may become difficult or impossible to take normal-sized breaths.
Your chest and ribs are already sore.
You CANNOT stop coughing.
You get EXHAUSTED just from trying to breathe or complete normal activities.
What is happening?
As your immune system fights the Covid-19 virus, inflammation (swelling) of your lung tissue and airways can make it difficult to breathe in, out, or both.
Why?
The fluid and mucus take up space in the lungs and become an obstacle when trying to breathe in and out. Frequent coughing is exhausting, especially if mucus is not being expelled as a result.
Here is an example: Have you ever had a blister?
Fluid builds up under a blister to protect the skin from friction & irritation.
In the very same way, fluid and mucus builds up inside your lungs from the irritation of the Covid-19 virus.
The lungs do not like the mucus, and it triggers the cough reflex.
Breathing is supported by a special group of muscles located between your ribs and across your chest, back, and abdomen. When you cannot take a normal sized breath, these muscles do not provide good chest or lung expansion.
Over time, your breaths become smaller and smaller. This causes you to breathe faster to keep up with the body's increasing oxygen demand. If this pattern continues, the lower portions of your lungs can become collapsed and unable to conduct gas exchange. This consolidation is called atelectasis and must be reversed as soon as possible to avoid severe lung problems.
What does this all mean?
While you are healing from Covid-19, it is important to keep your respiratory muscles in shape by engaging in breathing exercises to avoid future problems with lung expansion, like atelectasis. For patients that have respiratory symptoms from Covid-19: Body positioning, pursed lip breathing techniques, abdominal targeted breathing, and directed coughing are essential tools to relieving dyspnea (shortness of breath) during recovery.
Patients may feel that their breathing is controlled if they restrict their movements and remain in bed or seated.
THIS IS NOT RECOMMENDED.
Being stationary may delay your recovery and even cause future health issues!
The goal of Covid-19 respiratory therapy is to get you back to your daily routine without shortness of breath. Restricting movement alone will not make this goal possible.
While your amazing immune system is currently warring like a gladiator against the Covid-19 virus army, your cardiopulmonary system is working overtime to keep your organ systems functioning.
Imagine, if you will, a truck revving up the engine to speed away from a dangerous situation. Just as that truck will burn more fuel as it increases speed, your body will consume and require more oxygen to sustain you as it works to fight the Covid-19 virus.
Because your oxygen needs are increased, you may immediately feel lightheaded or short of breath upon standing or moving. You may have been given oxygen to use at home. Don't panic.
Consider the following:
You are much less mobile at this moment than before you had Covid-19 symptoms.
Your symptoms are causing you to take smaller breaths to avoid coughing or pain.
Your need for oxygen may be increased because your immune system is busy fighting the virus. This alone may temporarily increase your heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate.
Understand that you may become short of breath as you begin these exercises. This is a scary thought, but by strengthening your respiratory muscles, you will begin to counteract this problem. Do not let your fear of being winded temporarily stop the goal of improving your breathing for the long term!
Food for thought: In physical therapy, muscles around the injured area are strengthened and stretched with a series of progressive exercises. This process takes the stress off the injury and allows for added support while the area heals.
In respiratory therapy, we strengthen the muscle groups around the chest, back, and abdomen with targeted exercises to support the work of breathing. This effort conditions the muscles to work more efficiently, allowing better air movement to the lungs.
Stronger respiratory muscles = reduced work of breathing
Ready to go to work? Here are some exercises you should engage in!
Body Positioning for Breathing Exercises
Body positioning is vital to achieving optimal results from your breathing exercises. You may choose the best one for you upon starting the exercises.
Seated: A tall, seated position in a chair or bed with your feet placed flat on the floor (Do not lean on the back of the chair!)
Standing: A standing position with your shoulders back and feet apart (no slouching)
Positioned in bed at a 45-degree angle with your legs extended forward
Supine: Lying flat on your back with your legs extended forward
Prone: Lying flat on your chest and abdomen face down with your legs extended.
IMPORTANT! Prone position can be useful for patients that have difficulty with low oxygen levels because it allows gravity to promote better blood flow to the lungs and better gas exchange.
NOTE: This is not recommended for patients that have untreated hypertension, nausea, reflux, artificial airways, or IV access ports, tubes, or lines on the chest/abdomen! Doing this can lead to an emergency situation.
Pursed Lip Breathing (Type 1)
Pursed lip breathing is a technique used to increase your ability to exhale more completely. Pursed lip is taught to patients for management of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) issues but is also used to manage Covid-19 dyspnea.
Step 1: Inhale slowly through your nose with your mouth closed.
Step 2: Pucker your lips (tighten them as if you are going to whistle).
Step 3: Breathe out (exhale) slowly through your mouth with pursed lips and keep exhaling until most of the breath is gone.
Continue the pursed lip breathing for about 1 to 2 minutes at a time.
Note: Inhaling takes a much shorter time than exhaling. Be patient with the process, because you are retraining your brain!
Pursed Lip Breathing (Type 2: Pulsating Exhalation)
Pursed lip breathing is a technique used to increase your ability to exhale more completely. Pulsating exhalation is a breathing exercise like Lamaze, used for pregnancy during labor and delivery to prevent hyperventilation (breathing too fast). It is also used to manage Covid-19 dyspnea.
Step 1: Inhale slowly through your nose with your mouth closed.
Step 2: Pucker your lips (tighten them as if you are going to whistle).
Step 3: Breathe out (exhale) slowly through your mouth with pursed lips
Step 4: Pulsate your breath as you exhale (chug like a train), as many times as you need until the breath is gone.
Continue the pursed lip breathing for about 1 to 2 minutes at a time.
Abdominal Targeted Breathing with Arm Butterflies
Primary goal: Provide chest, rib cage, and lung expansion by engaging large muscle groups to promote better lung volumes and prevent lower lobe consolidation (atelectasis).
Secondary goal: Strengthen respiratory muscles to reverse dyspnea at rest and during exertion.
This exercise should be performed while lying on your back (supine) with your arms extended out to your sides (like a letter t) and the palms of your hands flat. Note: Do not perform this exercise if you are nauseated or cannot lie supine without difficulty.
Step 1: Inhale (breathe in) through your nose for 8 seconds and allow your diaphragm to expand. Your abdomen should be visibly expanded.
Step 2: As you inhale, raise your arms in a "C" shape until your hands touch at the fingertips.
Step 3: Hold the breath for 3 seconds and slowly purse your lips as you exhale (breathe out) through your mouth until all the air is gone. (This step may take longer than you anticipate!)
Step 4: As you exhale, lower your arms back to your sides until they are extended out to your sides like a "t". Your upper chest should be pushed upward upon completion.
Repeat this exercise 5 to 10 times every 2 hours while you are awake.
Note: You may have involuntary coughing occur during this exercise, but attempt to continue if possible.
If the arm butterflies are too difficult, complete only the abdominal breathing portion of the exercise with your arms extended out by your sides. You can always add the arm butterflies after you gain more strength.
Directed Huff Coughing
Although coughing is probably the last thing you wish to do, you need to have the ability to do it for effective mucus and secretion removal from your lungs and airways. Otherwise, the mucus will remain in your chest and continue to irritate the airways; or worse, become infected.
Huff coughing is a technique taught to patients with COPD, Cystic Fibrosis, and other pulmonary issues that require extra effort to remove secretions. It is also useful for Covid-19 patients that have difficulty coughing.
Best body position: Seated: A tall, seated position in a chair or bed with your feet placed flat on the floor.
Step 1: Place a pillow on your lap and hold it loosely with your forearms.
Step 2: Inhale slowly through your nose and mouth.
Step 3: Lean forward and breath out (exhale) quickly while making a "Huff" sound in your throat.
Step 4: Clutch the pillow to your chest and abdomen to support your respiratory muscles.
Repeat steps 1 to 4 until you can cough up any secretions that might be in your airways.
Note: Please call your physician immediately if you cough up blood during this exercise.
Regards,
Houston Methodist